The closure left federal workers unpaid, stranded travelers at airports, and caused long lines at food banks.
This marks the second shutdown under Trump’s presidency. During the crisis, his administration took unprecedented actions — including canceling projects and attempting to fire federal workers — to pressure Democrats on policy disputes.
Legislative Path to the Bill
The House approved the measure hours before Trump’s signature, passing it 222-209 along mostly party lines. The Senate had already passed the bill on Monday.
Democrats pushed to extend an expiring tax credit that lowers health coverage costs under the Affordable Care Act. Republicans countered that the issue should be addressed separately.
“We told you 43 days ago that shutdowns don’t work,” said Rep. Tom Cole, R-Okla. “They never achieve the objectives you announce.”
Heated Debate in the House
During debate, Republicans accused Democrats of exploiting the shutdown to advance policy goals. “They knew it would cause pain and they did it anyway,” House Speaker Mike Johnson said.
Democrats criticized Republicans for racing to pass tax breaks benefiting the wealthy while leaving health coverage subsidies uncertain. “This fight is not over,” said Democratic Leader Hakeem Jeffries.
The House had not met in session since September 19, when lawmakers passed a short-term funding bill. Speaker Johnson argued the Senate needed to act.
What the Bill Includes
The legislation stems from a bipartisan deal by eight senators. It funds three annual spending bills and extends overall government funding through January 30. Republicans promised a December vote on health care subsidies, though success is uncertain.
The bill also:
- Reverses the Trump administration’s federal worker layoffs during the shutdown
- Protects employees from further layoffs through January
- Guarantees back pay for federal workers
- Ensures uninterrupted food assistance through the Agriculture Department
- Allocates $203.5 million for congressional security and $28 million for Supreme Court justices
Some provisions drew criticism, such as a clause allowing senators to sue if federal agencies search their electronic records without notice, with up to $500,000 in damages per violation. Johnson called it a last-minute insertion and promised a vote soon.
Health Care Remains a Flashpoint
The biggest contention remains the expiring enhanced tax credit. Without it, premiums for millions could more than double, and over 2 million people risk losing coverage entirely, according to the Congressional Budget Office.
Republicans suggest adjustments, like new income caps or routing subsidies through individuals rather than insurers. Some Democrats may be open to compromise, but skepticism remains high.
What’s Next
Lawmakers now face uncertainty as they approach a December vote in the Senate. Democrats warn the fight over health care subsidies is far from over, while Republicans maintain that any extension must come with new limits.
“Republicans have wanted to repeal the health overhaul for the past 15 years,” said Rep. Rosa DeLauro, D-Conn. “That’s still their goal.”